Argumentative Synthesis The Things They Carried

Argumentative Synthesis â€Å"The Things They Carried† Tim O’ Brien, having the memories of war engraved in his mind, recalls the memories of his youth during battle in â€Å"The Things They Carried,† an intriguing collection of military accounts that symbolize his attempt to resist closure from past experiences. O’ Brien’s story reflects the difficult choices people have to make in their struggle to confront the war waging inside their bodies as well as on the ground they tread. In Steven Kaplan’s criticism, â€Å"The Undying Uncertainty of the Narrator in Tim O’ Brien’s The Things They Carried,† he explores the uncertainty and inevitability that lies in the path of each soldier through their military conquest of Than Khe. In context to O’ Brien’s†¦show more content†¦The items the soldiers carry hold a substantial amount of credibility throughout each personal story; however, within O’Brien’s story, he lack s credibility aside from the obvious tangible elements of the items held, questioning where the truth lies within these evidential fragments of the soldiers’ lives. These personal accounts of exact measurements attest the reader’s knowledge of war as well as the mental ability to calculate the exact weight upon each person’s hump through a fiction of mental and emotional agility. O’Brien quotes within Chen’s criticism stating, â€Å"A true war story, if truly told, makes the stomach believe† (Chen 77). This background knowledge of O’Brien’s theory that an â€Å"absolute occurrence is irrelevant because a true war story does not depend upon that kind of truth,†(Chen 77) places the credibility of the information upon the emotional accounts that O’Brien’s writing bestows upon the personalities of the soldiers. The â€Å"academic tone that at times makes the narrative sound like a government report (Kaplan 45) ,† adds documentation like analysis of these compilations of war endeavors as told by the narrator. Kaplan continues that the â€Å"transitional phrases such as â€Å"for instance† and â€Å"in addition,†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Kaplan 45) as well as â€Å"whole paragraphs dominated by sentences that begin with â€Å"because,†Ã¢â‚¬  (Kaplan 45) convince certainty of theShow MoreRelatedMastering Graduate Studies 1e32499 Words   |  130 Pagesoverall purpose. 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Frankenstein, By Mary Clark - 1874 Words

Frankenstein has been portrayed in nearly every sort of artistic representation, from theatrical productions to major motion pictures. The story is well-known throughout modern-day society — or at the very least, an altered version of it. In popular culture the name â€Å"Frankenstein† is commonly associated with the monster, rather than the doctor. While this may be due to the infatuation our disenchanted society has with themes of science-fiction and fantasy, Anna Clark argues that the idea of the monster as the protagonist goes much deeper. Clark’s idea that Frankenstein’s monster is the true protagonist, is rooted in the the way certain characters are focalized through the creature’s narrative (245). Clark refers to this narration technique as â€Å"protagonism,† and gives credit to it being the major reason the monster is perceived as the protagonist (245). Most people would argue that if the creature is not the protagonist, then Franken stein must be. I however, refute the idea that there are only two options surrounding which character is labelled as the protagonist and the other the antagonist. Seeing as Shelley has embedded such complex character development and depth throughout the novel, it hardly seems appropriate to label characters as simply as â€Å"protagonist† and â€Å"antagonist†. I argue that there are two other protagonist-antagonist combination available for analysis: not only are Frankenstein and the monster both protagonists, but they are also both antagonists to eachShow MoreRelatedFrankenstein: Theme of Abortion1559 Words   |  7 PagesFrankenstein: The Theme of Abortion Most of us have read the novel Frankenstein. There are many themes that come along with one of the first gothic, romantic science fiction novels of the 17th century. Mary Shelly used her background life to create this horror book. She influenced future horror films for decades to come, Halloween costume ideas and quote upon quotes. Although this book carried the obvious Halloween-feel themes Shelly had a greater meaning for the book. Shelly believed in the needRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein 1347 Words   |  6 PagesProfessor Matt Fellion Thursday November 27, 2014 In Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, Anne E. Clark states about the novel in her article â€Å"Frankenstein, or the Modern Protagonist†: â€Å"The creature stands out because his narrative frame best demonstrates protagonism’s potential to diffuse sympathy and identification broadly, highlighting characters who may lack descriptive substance but are nonetheless rich in personality, specificity, and interiority† (Clark, 246). 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Inclusive Learning †Ptlls Free Essays

Unit 009 Understanding inclusive learning and teaching in lifelong learning I currently teach yoga to adults at the level of beginners, I have been teaching yoga classes for the past eighteen months. I have another year of study to undertake on the British Wheel of Yoga Diploma. My typical class sizes ideally should be between seven and fifteen students. We will write a custom essay sample on Inclusive Learning – Ptlls or any similar topic only for you Order Now Unfortunately I did not have enough students for my adult education course to run last term. My ideal yoga class would be ninety minutes in length as this allows for adequate time to settle the class, physical posture work, pranayama (breathing control) and finally relaxation and reflection at the end of the session. Whilst I wouldn’t ordinarily use ice breakers when teaching a physical practice, I can definitely see the benefits of using them if I was teaching a workshop or session which involved academic type of learning such as ancient yoga philosophy, kriyas (cleansing techniques) or understanding the chakra system. During this course we have learned that ice breakers are a good way to relax people and breakdown the barriers to learning and are best used at the start of the course. (1. 1) At the start of a term I do establish some ground rules with my students. As it’s a yoga class these rules usually centre around what is appropriate clothing, practicing in barefoot on a suitable mat, not eating a heavy meal before class, turning off mobile phones and discussion around working within their own physical capabilities. Before undertaking this PTLLS course I did not understanding this information exchange to be ground rules. However I can now clearly see that these are indeed ground rules. They serve as a means of guiding the student through what is expected of them and making the class a safe lace to learn. (Daines et al 1993) suggest that people will learn best they feel secure and can try things out safely. (1. 2) My main style of teaching is to offer a theme to the class and interweave that theme to promote learning in the students as well as them performing the physical postures and breathe control techniques. It is safe to say that the main strategy is to demonstrate the postures and then lead the students in active learning in the form of them practicing the postures. I do circulate around the class and offer adjustments and positive feedback where appropriate. Whilst some students are well practiced in yoga others may need extra tuition. This can be done in a way that allows for differentiation a simple and classic way is by layering the way a posture is taught. This style of teaching ensures that everyone in the class can achieve something in a posture. It also ensures that the more advanced students feel challenged by the class. The methods which I commonly use are tutor led demonstration, verbal instructions and handouts. These different methods of teaching are aimed at meeting the needs of the different styles of learners, thereby ensuring the maximum amount of student participation in the lesson. (Spillman 1991 p30) â€Å"The key to differentiated curriculum is the flexible use by teachers of a wide range of activities and lesson organizations†. (1. 3) (Word count 529) References Daines et al. (1993) Adult Teaching Adult Learning. Continuing Education Press: Nottingham Spillman,J. (1991) Differentiation – An approach to Teaching and Learning. Pearson Publishing: Cambridge How to cite Inclusive Learning – Ptlls, Essays

Impact of Stereotypes Free Samples for Students -Myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Nursing Stereotypes and its Impact on Nurses. Answer: Introduction In the nursing field there are many stereotypes that have been defining this field for a very long period of time. Most of these images are bad myths and negative. Some of these stereotypes are traditional and some came of late. Most of these images affecting this field are gender related. However these stereotypes like the others are just myths and outdated ideas as the world is growing. Types of Nursing Stereotypes and the Impact Happell, et al (2014) really disagrees with the view of nursing as a female profession; this is one of the professions that undermine masculinity. This is because the term nursing formally originated from mothers breastfeeding, then it grew to the people who care for the disabled and the ill in the community. In history women were the one who took the place of nursing because men were busy preparing for war giving and examples in World War 1 and World War 11. Countries like USA and Canada also led to the growth of this idea. During the early years their nurses who were women formed their own groups which didnt allow any men to be part of it for a long period of time as Gray, (2010) suggests. . Because of this gender inequality in this fields there a lot of negative impacts. Because people follow history, men are finding it hard to go into these fields. Young children found their mothers are the nurses hence telling them to follow that career will be mostly in vain to most of them. Families also mostly the parents also have a part in this. This is because they are the old people and according to their belief they understanding nursing belongs to female hence its very hard for them to allow their female siblings to follow that career path. The belief that nurses are naughty; this is one of the bad image affecting this field. This is supported by the idea of how nurses dress mainly. The dressing mode attracts attention sexually instead of focusing in their work. This is because most of them are females. Some of the movies produced also have characters whose profession are nursing but there are characterized with sexual attraction showing that this stereotype has been believed in the society. This stereotype brings along a negative impact into the community. When parents get in touch with some of these evil stories it will be very hard for them to allow their female children to go through this path. Same case to males, it will be hard for them to marry the female nurses because of the belief that the marriage will be unsuccessful because of lack of trust due to cheating in marriage. The children of these nurses will have a hard time mingling with other children because of the negative remarks about the mothers. This will bring a negative effect in the society. According to Clarke, (2017) people believe that most nurses are failures or dropouts of other major profession. Nurses are believed to have failed in other hard medical professions like surgery and medicine. Because of this failure they tend to go to nursing which is still a profession in the same field but less demanding compared to others. However, even if most people misunderstand this, a lot of people follow nursing as a profession and a career not as a second option. This brings upon a negative impact into the community because of these stereotype people undermine nursing as a small career in life. When people get this mentality mostly parents they fail to advice their children to follow this career because they want big titles careers. To the children also wanting to pursue this career they will feel discouraged on choosing such a career. People in the community also will fail to support and respect nurses because they will see them as low profile people. Another stereotype is that nurses work for doctors. People believe that nurses get command from the doctors but it is not the case. Doctors and nurses are coworkers Weaver, et al (2013). Nurses job is to update the doctors about the patients health, some even works along surgeons as that is their work but people misunderstand this. Nurses are hired and fired by senior nurses, they also answer to their unit manager who also is also a nurse. They also follow certain protocols which are set by their fellow senior nurses officers hence this stereotype is a major lie Liaw, et al (2014). On the same point, when people hear that they work mostly with the patients what comes to mind is that they are also involved in handling dirty and unhealthy staffs concerning the patients. This stereotype has a negative impact in the society. Young men and women who want to become nurses fear to go and work under harsh conditions believed to be set by the doctors. This also helps create a bad picture that nurses are low level employees hence minimal respect to them. The belief that the nurses also work under very bad conditions also discourages the children and the families. The guardians also affected by this bad perspective will find it hard to advice their children to go and work under this profession. There also a stereotype that male nurses are gays Weaver, et al (2014). This mostly comes from the concept that this field is for females only. To add salt on that the media itself through movies also helps in motivating this type of a stereotype. Various male nurses have been teased of being gays just because they are believed to be in the wrong field (Berkery, Tiernan and Morley, 2014). This image has a negative impact in the society. It negatively affects both the people who want to follow this career, those pursuing and the parents. To the people who want to follow this career mainly men, they will be unable considering the bad image they will bring to their friends and community at large. To the people in the career, they will have a low self-esteem and also feel it hard to appreciate the work they do. It will be very hard for the people in this career to feel pride of themselves. The parents who mainly believe in Christianity cannot tolerate any kind of this stories hence to be on a safe side they will never advise their children to go in that field. Another stereotype is that nurses are taken to be angels (Kelly, Fealy and Watson, (2012). They are believed that they are sent from heaven to the world to provide health care. They are known to get their way out of the paper bag and from the sight of blood everywhere. This is totally misguided. Its true they save life but the real truth is that they are professionals Sarabia-Cobo and Pfeiffer, (2015). People believe that nursing is always acting nice on a patient but to some point it may change to violent and dirty. Due to this type of stereotype, people find surprises when they come to know who a real nursing is. A person who wants to pursue such a career may think that it is full of nice things but in real sense it is dirty Rajacich, et al (2013). Before one chooses to do such a career one has to prepare mentally according to the real truth. Finally the stereotype that combines all the others together is that nurses are said to be unskilled Hoeve, Jansen, and Roodbol, (2014). Everybody knows that doctors go through a very rough training before they become one. The public always think the nurses are at the bottom because of the less training they go through. Of course this is not true. Nurses undergo their own training different from doctors hence each has the field that they are experienced in. Nurses look at a patient, determines the health and can also implement treatment in conjunction with other health workers Clow, Ricciardelli and Bartfay, 2014). This kind of stereotype has a negative effect on the society. When people go to hospitals to be treated and they are left under nurses surveillance they feel bad because what comes to mind is that they will not be treated properly. The people in this field also are less respected. Parents also will find it hard to advice their children to go and specialize in this field. Conclusion In conclusion, these nurses stereotypes are dangerous to nurses and to the general public. To the nurses they carry and destroy their profession greatly. To the public people who may feel like becoming nurses may find it difficult to be considering the bad picture set. The media is the main determinant in propagating these stereotypes. This also affects the patient because when nurses are degraded they feel low and will end up treating patients in a cruel manner. Health of many individuals is at risk when nurses are disrespected. References Berkery, E., Tiernan, S., Morley, M. (2014). The relationship between gender role stereotypes and requisite managerial characteristics: the case of nursing and midwifery professionals.Journal of nursing management,22(6), 707-719. Clarke, D. (2017). Student life-What its like to be a gay male nursing student: Nurse training can be a complex experience for gay men, involving daily negotiations with the stereotypes that plague the profession.Nursing Standard,31(23), 35-35. Clow, K. A., Ricciardelli, R., Bartfay, W. J. (2014). Attitudes and stereotypes of male and female nurses: The influence of social roles and ambivalent sexism.Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement,46(3), 446. Gray, B. (2010). Emotional labour, gender and professional stereotypes of emotional and physical contact, and personal perspectives on the emotional labour of nursing.Journal of Gender Studies,19(4), 349-360. Happell, B., Platania-Phung, C., Harris, S., Bradshaw, J. (2014). It's the anxiety: Facilitators and inhibitors to nursing students career interests in mental health nursing.Issues in mental health nursing,35(1), 50-57. Hoeve, Y. T., Jansen, G., Roodbol, P. (2014). The nursing profession: public image, self?concept and professional identity. A discussion paper.Journal of advanced nursing,70(2), 295-309. Kelly, J., Fealy, G. M., Watson, R. (2012). The image of you: constructing nursing identities in YouTube.Journal of advanced nursing,68(8), 1804-1813. Liaw, S. Y., Siau, C., Zhou, W. T., Lau, T. C. (2014). Interprofessional simulation-based education program: a promising approach for changing stereotypes and improving attitudes toward nursephysician collaboration.Applied Nursing Research,27(4), 258-260. Rajacich, D., Kane, D., Williston, C., Cameron, S. (2013, January). If they do call you a nurse, it is always a male nurse: Experiences of men in the nursing profession. InNursing forum(Vol. 48, No. 1, pp. 71-80). Sarabia-Cobo, C. M., Pfeiffer, C. C. (2015). Changing negative stereotypes regarding aging in undergraduate nursing students.Nurse education today,35(9), e60-e64. Weaver, R., Ferguson, C., Wilbourn, M., Salamonson, Y. (2014). Men in nursing on television: exposing and reinforcing stereotypes.Journal of advanced nursing,70(4), 833-842. Weaver, R., Salamonson, Y., Koch, J., Jackson, D. (2013). Nursing on television: student perceptions of television's role in public image, recruitment and education.Journal of advanced nursing,69(12), 2635-2643.

UC Essay 2016-2017 Prompts Examples

If you’re the middle of applying to colleges, you should know by now that the UC applications have undergone a drastic change. Eliminating the 2 required UC prompts, the UC application now consists of four 350 word essay, chosen from 8 new UC prompts. The change might seem a little drastic, but don’t freak out just yet. This doesn’t mean you can’t still learn from previous UC application essay examples. In fact, we’ve put together all the UC prompts that are available and examples from our database to help with your essay writing:UC Prompt #1 1. Describe an example of your leadership experience in which you have positively influenced others, helped resolve disputes or contributed to group efforts over time. UCBerkeley2019, UC Berkeley 19 As a high school student, I wondered how I can make a difference on this suburbandullness. Rather than just looking at the high school that I attended, I decided to impact something bigger, my community. More specifically, I became motivated to reach out to my entire city by hosting a carnival-themed festival called Sharkfest.UC Prompt #2 2. Every person has a creative side, and it can be expressed in many ways: problem solving, original and innovative thinking, and artistically, to name a few. Describe how you express your creative side. ClaireL, UC Los Angeles ‘20 Suddenly, a glimmer of inspiration. My gaze settled on my viola, sitting patiently in its gleaming silver case. Why not try Pythagoras’ experiment for myself? I plucked the C-string, holding my finger down at exactly  ½ of its length. Almost miraculously, the sound of a Cone octave higher, exactly twice the frequencyrang out. Moving my finger to 1/3 its length, this time it was the G with a frequency three times the original C, one octave and a perfect 5th higher. UC Prompt #33. What would you say is your greatest talent or skill? How have you developed and demonstrated that talent over time? Sydney_hack, UC Davis 20 Then high school happened. I started taking theatre classes and film classes and I saw my friends go to college as musical theatre majors and film production majors. I saw people following their dreams. Id entered a whole new world. I began to think of all the things that made me happy. Filmmaking stood out to me and I began to pursue any opportunity I could-I took the filmmaking class at school, I offered to help film video series for the San Diego County Bar Association and the Enright Chapter of the American Inns of Court. Id run into this new, creative world full force, with no guide or notion of what I was to expect.UC Prompt #4 4. Describe how you have taken advantage of a significant educational opportunity or worked to overcome an educational barrier you have faced. G.carrascou4, UC Berkeley 19 This was initially a problem for me, however, as I attended three different schools within the short period of my first six months in the country. The first school only saw me for one week; the second school saw me for a semester; the third school saw me finally settling in what would become my home school from elementary all through high school. This transition from a nomadic lifestyle to a more sedentary one provided me with an idea of what my goals were, where I was going to achieve them, and how I was going to accomplish them. In a sense, it was my transition from a helpless, extinct Cro-Magnon to a Homo Sapiens with a future ahead.UC Prompt #5 5. Describe the most significant challenge you have faced and the steps you have taken to overcome this challenge. How has this challenge affected your academic achievement? Stellaaa, UC Santa Barbara ‘19 School became difficult for me emotionally and academically. Rumors about my brother spread like a wildfire. A majority of my friends heard about these rumors and no longer wanted to associate with me. It was not soon before I felt isolated at school. I tried my best to cope with the loneliness, repeatedly telling myself that it was a phase. It became difficult for me to focus in school without thinking about my brother or that people were afraid to be around me. This did not discourage me from making new friends; however, it made me develop trust issues. I began to take more caution of who to trust, which served to be an advantage for me because during this time I become more self-aware of myself. At that moment of self realization, I had a clear perception of what was best for me, as well as the two options I had - to allow the emotional and academic stress to eat me away, or to see it as a challenge to overcome.UC Prompt #6 6. Describe your favorite academic subject and explain how it has influenced you. AndyDC, UC Berkeley 19 Another factor that I consider a major contributor to my personal identity is, oddly enough, a computer program that I was introduced to at age 12. RCT3, as it is called, is a 3D physics simulation game that allows users to essentially build and manage anything users dream up. For me, it offered a refreshing creative outlet for my imagination to flourish. But what enthralled me most was not the game itself, but the flowering community of users behind it. Making our home on internet forums, we were a thriving community of real-life architects, engineers, and programmers all bound by love of the game. Political and geographical barriers had never seemed so trivial to me. We discussed and collaborated on projects and even edited the source code of the game. I was enamored by the hardware and simple code that gave rise to such a versatile platform. UC Prompt #7 7. What have you done to make your school or your community a better place? Lord of the Lords, UC Berkeley ‘19 I have always been someone who takes initiative. I pick up trash during trips to the beach, I spend my winter break raising money for hurricane relief, and I make anti-bullying videos in my spare time. And I always want to do more. So when I noticed all the trash that seemed to be accumulating at my high school, I decided to start a campus-wide recycling and composting program. I presented my idea to my AP Environmental Science teacher who shared my concern. She suggested starting a club to get more people involved, an idea which I loved. Thus, the AP Environmental Science (or APES, for short) Club was born. UC Prompt #8 8. What is the one thing that you think sets you apart from other candidates applying to the University of California? Want to know what set you apart? Check out these two packages that were curated by 2 UC admission experts: Ms. Sun focused on finding UC applications with strong, competitive GPA and test scores that was accompanied by strong essays. After all, numbers are important, but they dont tell the full story Suzanne Dougherty curated her package with a different approach. She specifically wanted to highlight UC applicants who were accepted by Ivy League universities, but still chose to attend UC schools. This not only demonstrates each profiles strong application, but also reveals the appeal and opportunity that UC schools offer. Are you looking to apply to UC Schools?or just starting to build outyour college list? Make sure to search through profiles of students accepted to see essays, stats, and advice. See how they got in, and how you can too!

The Doll House essays

The Doll House essays When The Doll House was written in 1879, the world was still completely in the clutches of many horrific gender stereotypes. Women in particular were confined to very narrow roles, and were thought to be incapable of anything outside the scope of those roles. The Helmer household was founded upon these stereotypes, and as we eventually see, could not stand without them. Women were raised to believe that their place was in the home. Their primary functions were to cook, clean, bear children, maintain a nice home, and adorn themselves accordingly. In Noras case, her main function is to keep up the facade of a beautiful, happy home. On the other hand, men were raised to finance the whole charade. Husbands went to work every day, dealt with all of the harsh realities of the world, and brought home a paycheck. Helmer comes home every day to the comfort and entertainment provided by Nora, and that is the only way he knows that a marriage can be. Nora, however, knows that she is capable of more. When she was informed that her husbands life was in danger, she took a great financial burden upon herself. Although this was an act of love, Nora cant tell Helmer that she did it. Helmer is a firm believer that women have no understanding of financial matters, and would have been made to feel like less of a man if he knew that his life was indebted to his squirrel, Nora. That perhaps Nora knows more about money than how to spend it never enters Helmers head. He assumes that Nora is just a pretty little featherhead. Instead of treating her like an equal partner in their marriage, he treats her as an ornament and a child. Nora feeds into the illusion, of course, because part of her role as a wife is to ensure that her husband feels in charge, and secure in his manhood. She asks for his guidance and approval in the most trivial of matters, even when she needs ...

Personality Inventory of Skills Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Personality Inventory of Skills - Assignment Example Therefore, in a professional setting, being goal-oriented has, and would come in handy as relevant to achieving the target goals without the need to enlist the services of extra labor. Most especially working with children and families requires a goal-oriented person, to continuously offer the needed services without tiring or observing time. Nothing counts in a workplace or in any other environment, than being sure that the person to whom certain duties or responsibilities are delegated will execute them faithfully and satisfactorily. One of my professional qualities is that I am highly autonomous and dependable, such that I will faithfully execute the duties that are my responsibilities without being supervised or monitored. My dependable character draws from the fact that I am autonomous and self-disciplined, which then means that I will always focus on doing whatever it is that requires being done, without the need to be monitored. This is useful in the family and child services field, where offering services to families or children must be innately driven, rather than being pushed to offer the services. Serving families and children requires a lot of good will from the service provider, due to the complexity and sensitivity of the issues associated with children and family needs. It is therefore essential to have a person who will always be relied upon to do everything in the best interest of the children and families, without being followed up. Networking and connectedness is a professional quality that I uphold and value greatly. I have realized that in life, there is much success or satisfaction that comes with working with others, as opposed to individualism. There is always something to learn from other people, if an individual is interested in them. There is also challenge and motivation that comes along with associating with others, which brings in the desire to

Latin American Region Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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Puerperal Sepsis: History, Causes and Interventions

Puerperal Sepsis: History, Causes and Interventions What is Puerperal Sepsis? Why is Puerperal Sepsis less prevalent now than 1900’s? Lynda Williams Abstract The purpose of the report is to understand what puerperal sepsis is and to raise awareness of the condition to expectant mothers, women that have miscarried, families and physicians. To understand the risks that is linked with the condition and to be able to spot signs and symptoms, as well as how to prevent further cases through aseptic techniques and principles and hand hygiene. The information that will be included is background information on the condition: what is it, how it came about, what treatment was used and what caused it. The report will include information on what are the symptoms, what causes it, who is at risk, how it can be diagnosed, how to treat it, what are the complications and how to prevent further cases from occurring. The report will focus on national statistics for the UK. This will include statistics to show how the prevalence of puerperal sepsis within the UK has decreased from 1900’s to today through medical advances and research. The research used will be secondary: books, journals, and internet. Primary research will not be used as the report is based on facts and information that is already available through reports and medical advice. Contents Background/Historypage 4 Causespage 5 Symptomspage 5 Who is at Risk?Page 6 Diagnosispage 6 Treatmentpage 6 Complications page 7 Preventionpage 7 Analysis of Statisticspage 8 Conclusionpage 8 Recommendationpage 8 Referencespage 9 Bibliographypage 10-11 Glossarypage 12 Appendixespage 13 Background/History Puerperal sepsis is a term giving to an infection that affect expectant mothers and those who have recently delivered. Infections within pregnancy can be severe as the genital tract has an increased surface area. (Knight, M. 2015). (Awori, N. et al. 1999). The infection can affect the cavity and walls of the uterus, which can lead to pelvic abscesses. The pus can spread high into the pelvis or into the lower abdomen. Infection tends to spreads after long labour or severe bleeding due to haemorrhaging which can cause peritonitis, septicaemia or death. (Awori, N. et al. 1999). Puerperal Sepsis formerly known as childbed fever or puerperal fever was a mystery; it killed those at the cruellest of moments. It was understood that wherever physicians went the disease became more prevalent, especially within hospitals. During the 1700’s it was believed women were delivered from the peril of childbirth, not deliver a child into the world. Physicians believed sepsis occurred when there was a failure to urinate, it then became known as ‘milk metastasis’ as the internal organs of those that had died looked like they were covered in milk, it was later identified as pus. (Burch, D. 2009). It was believed that puerperal fever was caused by various environmental factors: sewage, poor ventilation, cold, mists, vague ‘putrid tendencies,’ not bacterium and infection control. During the late 1700’s, Alexander Gordon leading obstetrician studied childbed fever and came to the conclusion that the disease was spread by physicians, it was related to skin infections and the only treatment was bloodletting. Bloodletting was widely accepted as a cure, however physicians understood more needed to be done to stop the spread of sepsis. (Burch, D. 2009). Causes Puerperal sepsis is caused by bacterium being introduced into the genital tract and women that are in labour or giving birth are more susceptible due to large genital tract surface area. The genital and urinary tracts have warm, moist environments that bacteria need to multiple. The bacterium can enter the body through pelvic exams, trauma during labour or prolonged labour. During pelvic exams the bacterium is introduced into the genital tract by unclean hands during examinations or through the use of non-sterile instruments. (Nall, R. 2014). Bacteria that are known to cause a puerperal sepsis include: Chlamydia Clostridium tetani Clostridium welchii Escherichia coli (E.coli) Gonococci Staphylococci Streptococci (Nall, R. 2014). Other causes of puerperal sepsis are mastitis, pyelonephritis, ruptured membranes, respiratory complication, first birth, poor socioeconomic status, caesarean delivery and superficial or deep-vein thrombosis. (Baring, N. 2013). Symptoms Symptoms for puerperal sepsis normally appear between 24 hours to 10 days after infection begins. If one or more symptoms are present, action should be taken and treat as appropriate. Women should be monitored closely for any of the following symptoms: Fever – higher that 38à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °C or 100.4à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °F Shivering and chills Uterus does not return to normal size Pain and discomfort in lower abdomen Tenderness and pain in the uterus Malaise Discharge from the vagina – foul-smelling and containing pus Pale and discoloured skin Short of breath Fatigued, difficult to rouse Altered mental state Edema Flu like symptoms (Nall, R. 2014) (Sepsis Alliance 2015). Who is at Risk? Any woman that is pregnant, has miscarried, aborted or delivered are at risk of sepsis but certain factors increase that risk. Women that are more susceptible are those that have liver disease, lupus a condition of the immune system, diabetes, congestive heart failure, are obese, first pregnancy, women that are under 25 or women that are over 40. Women over 40 are at risk of sepsis from infections due to placenta praevia and placenta abruption. Women that are underwent invasive procedures to become pregnant or invasive tests during pregnancy are more prone to infections that can lead to sepsis. (Sepsis Alliance 2015) Diagnosis Abnormal changes in the patient temperature, heart and breathing rate can indicate infection. The vagina and uterus will be checked for swelling and tenderness by abdominal and internal exams. Broad-spectrum antibiotics will be prescribed if sepsis is suspected to prevent the infection from spreading, long term damage to the body and death. Further tests will be carried out to determine the type of infection, where it is located and if bodily functions have been affected. These tests can include: Blood and urine test Wound swabs Blood pressure checks Ultrasound scan, X-rays or computerised tomography (CT) scan Organ function tests – liver, kidney, heart Lumbar puncture Stool samples (NHS Choices. 2014) (Nall, R. 2014) Treatment If sepsis is suspected broad-spectrum antibiotics will be given orally or intravenously to prevent infection spreading. When results from further testing have been received then a focused antibiotic is used to kill the bacterium. Anti-fever medication and cold compresses may be used to keep the fever under control. Oxygen may be given as levels in the blood can become low due to the body demand for oxygen. Intravenous fluids may be given to prevent dehydration and kidney failure, normally given within the first 48 hours after hospital admission. Sepsis can cause the blood pressure to drop; medication called vasopressors will be given to increase blood pressure allowing the patient condition to improve. Infection sites need to be keep clean and dry; pus to be drained away allowing infected tissue to repair and to prevent bacteria from entering. (Nall, R. 2014) (NHS Choices. 2014) Complications Sepsis can lead to serious complications and the damage can be irreversible. Complications for the women include: Septicaemia Septic shock Peritonitis Haemorrhaging Pyelonephritis Mastitis Pulmonary embolism Disseminated intravascular coagulation Abscesses Death Compromise fertility The foetus can be affected causing depressed Apgar scores, neonatal septicaemia, pneumonia and death. (Dharmaraj, D. Patriquin, G. 2012) Willacy (2012) wrote that severe sepsis can cause acute organ dysfunction and has a mortality rate of 20-40%. If septic shock develops the mortality rate rises to around 60%. Prevention Following aseptic techniques and principles is very important. Correct cleaning practice of hospital and home environments need to be followed and use of sterile packs and equipment must be used to prevent contamination; these must only be used once then deposed of. (Johnson, R. Taylor, W. 2011. p. 80). Physicians must exercise the correct hand hygiene techniques (appendixes A) and use antiseptic soap, washes, alcohol-based rubs and sterile gloves. By doing this it reduces the risk of introducing bacterium into a sterile environment. (Johnson, R. Taylor, W. 2011. pp. 73-77). Protective clothing: aprons, shoes covers must be worn to prevent spread of infection and contamination from one situation to another, these to be deposed of after one use. Use of non-touch technique is important by ensuring sterile equipment does not touch with anything unsterile to prevent contamination and potential for infection. The use of an assistant to open packs and equipment can reduced the risk of cros s contamination as it prevents touching anything non-sterile with sterile gloved hands. (Johnson, R. Taylor, W. 2011. pp. 80-82). Analysis of Statistics During the early 1900’s, just under 1.5% in 1000 births within the UK died from sepsis, greatly decreased on early years. Advances in medicine meant physicians were discovering asepsis was paramount in infection control. The introduction of carbolic spray in operating room, hand washing and rubber gloves were used to minimise contamination. Then in 1920, face masks were introduced into obstetrics to prevent contamination through body fluids. (Chamberlain, G. 2006). In the last hundred years there has been a significant drop in puerperal sepsis. In 2003-5 0.85% of maternal deaths per 100,000 births were a direct cause of sepsis, which means asepsis was tackling infection. However in 2006-8 there was a rise to 1.13%, through lack of knowledge, not seeking advice when unwell and through infection control. Sepsis is now the leading cause of maternal death within UK above hypertension, thromboembolic disease and haemorrhage, where there has been a reduction in these. It has been noted that over recent years that it has been hard to achieve a reduction in the number of deaths within the UK due to bacterial infections, more needs to be done in order to prevent maternal deaths and these statistics rising further. (Sriskandan, S. 2011). Conclusion Puerperal sepsis is now the leading cause of maternal death, which means more medical research need to be undertaken in order to reduce the number of cases. Sepsis through pelvic exams, trauma during labour or prolonged labour needs to be evaluated and assessed on how using aseptic techniques and principles can reduce the risk of cross contamination and introducing bacterium into the genital tracts. Over the last hundred years puerperal sepsis has declined significantly, however over recent years it has increased from lack of knowledge and infection control. The UK is a developed country and should have infection control and aseptic techniques and principles at the forefront of medical practice. Recommendations After miscarriages, during last trimester and during delivery broad-spectrum antibiotic should be given orally or intravenously to expectant mothers to provide the body with a barrier towards infections, this could reduce the number of cases sepsis. More training and awareness of sepsis and aseptic principles should be provided to physicians, to ensure understanding and they are being diligent in regards to infection control. Expectant mother and families should receive education through antenatal classes to learn the signs and symptoms of sepsis and what to do if they suspect it. Symptoms can be confused with flu like symptoms and education should be given to seek help and advice off midwives, health visitors and other physicians. References Awori, N. Bayley, A. Beasley, A. Boland, J. Crawford, M. Driessen, F. Foster, A. Graham, W. Hancock, B. Hancock, B. Hankins, G. Harrison, N. Kennedy, I. Kyambi, J. Nundy, S. Sheperd, J. Stewart, J. Warren, G. Wood, M. (1999) ‘Puerperal Sepsis,’ Primary Surgery, 1 [Online]. Available at: http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/dtc/primsurg/docbook/html/x1831.html (Accessed: 20/04/2015). Baring, N. (2013) OBSTETRICS Puerperal Infection. Available at: http://www.slideshare.net/nianbaring/obstetrics-puerperal-infection (Accessed: 23/04/2015). Burch, D. (2009) When Childbirth Was Natural, and Deadly. Available at: http://www.livescience.com/3210-childbirth-natural-deadly.html (Accessed: 23/04/2015). Chamberlain, G. (2006) ‘British maternal mortality in the 19th and early 20th centuries’ Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 99(11). 559-563. [Online]. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1633559/ (Accessed: 20/04/2015). Dharmaraj, D. Patriquin, G. (2012) Puerperal Infection. Available at: http://www.sharinginhealth.ca/conditions_and_diseases/puerperal_infection.html (Accessed: 25/04/2015). Johnson, R. Taylor, W. (2011) Skills for Midwifery Practice. 3rd edn. London: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier. Knight, M. (2015) What is a life threatening complication in pregnancy and childbirth? Available at: http://ww.healthtalk.org/peoples-experiences/pregnancy-children/conditions-threaten-womens-lives-childbirth-pregnancy/what-life-threatening-complication-pregnancy-and-childbirth (Accessed: 12/04/2015). Nall, R. (2014) Puerperal Infection. Available at: http://www.healthline.com/health/puerperal-infection (Accessed: 23/04/2015). NHS Choices (2014) Sepsis – Diagnosis. Available at: http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Blood-poisoning/Pages/Diagnosis.aspx (Accessed: 25/04/2015). Sepsis Alliance (2015) Sepsis. Available at: http://www.sepsisalliance.org/sepsis/symptoms/ (Accessed: 24/04/2015). Sriskandan, S. (2011) ‘Severe peripartum sepsis’ Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, 41 339–46. [Online]. Available at: www.rcpe.ac.uk/sites/default/files/sriskandan.pdf (Accessed: 26/04/2015) Willacy, H. (2012) Puerperal Pyrexia. Available at: http://www.patient.co.uk/doctor/Puerperal-Pyrexia.htm (Accessed: 25/04/2015). World Health Organizations (2015) Clean Care is Safer Care. Available at: http://www.who.int/gpsc/clean_hands_protection/en/ (Accessed: 26/04/2015). Bibliography Awori, N. Bayley, A. Beasley, A. Boland, J. Crawford, M. Driessen, F. Foster, A. Graham, W. Hancock, B. Hancock, B. Hankins, G. Harrison, N. Kennedy, I. Kyambi, J. Nundy, S. Sheperd, J. Stewart, J. Warren, G. Wood, M. (1999) ‘Puerperal Sepsis,’ Primary Surgery, 1 [Online]. Available at: http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/dtc/primsurg/docbook/html/x1831.html (Accessed: 20/04/2015). Baring, N. (2013) OBSTETRICS Puerperal Infection. Available at: http://www.slideshare.net/nianbaring/obstetrics-puerperal-infection (Accessed: 23/04/2015). Burch, D. (2009) When Childbirth Was Natural, and Deadly. Available at: http://www.livescience.com/3210-childbirth-natural-deadly.html (Accessed: 23/04/2015). Chamberlain, G. (2006) ‘British maternal mortality in the 19th and early 20th centuries’ Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 99(11). 559-563. [Online]. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1633559/ (Accessed: 20/04/2015). Colebrook, L. (1936) ‘The Prevention of Puerperal Sepsis.’ BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics Gynaecology, 43 691–714. [Online]. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2210245/?page=1 (Accessed: 26/04/2015). Dharmaraj, D. Patriquin, G. (2012) Puerperal Infection. Available at: http://www.sharinginhealth.ca/conditions_and_diseases/puerperal_infection.html (Accessed: 25/04/2015). Encyclopaedia Britannica (2015) Puerperal fever. Available at: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482821/puerperal-fever (Accessed: 23/04/2015). Jessica Trust (2015) Childbed fever: the facts. Available at: http://www.jessicastrust.org.uk/childbed-fever/information-for-parents/ (Accessed: 24/04/2015) Johnson, R. Taylor, W. (2011) Skills for Midwifery Practice. 3rd edn. London: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier. Johnstone, W. (1938) ‘Prevention and Control of Puerperal Sepsis.’ British Medical Journal, 2(4049) 331-335. [Online]. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2210245/?page=1 (Accessed: 26/04/2015). Khaskheli, M. Baloch, S. Sheeba, A. (2013) ‘Risk factors and complications of puerperal sepsis at a tertiary healthcare centre.’ Pakistan Journal of Medical Science, 29(4) 972-976. [Online]. Available at: http://www.pjms.com.pk/index.php/pjms/article/view/3389 (Accessed: 26/04/2015). Knight, M. (2015) What is a life threatening complication in pregnancy and childbirth? Available at: http://ww.healthtalk.org/peoples-experiences/pregnancy-children/conditions-threaten-womens-lives-childbirth-pregnancy/what-life-threatening-complication-pregnancy-and-childbirth (Accessed: 12/04/2015). Macdonald, S. Magill-Cuerden, J. (2011) Mayes’ Midwifery. 14th edn. London: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier. MedicineNet.com (2012) Definition of Fever, puerperal. Available at: http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=7921 (Accessed: 24/04/2015). Nall, R. (2014) Puerperal Infection. Available at: http://www.healthline.com/health/puerperal-infection (Accessed: 23/04/2015). NHS Choices. (2015) Peritonitis. Available at: http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Peritonitis/Pages/Introduction.aspx (Accessed: 23/04/2015). NHS Choices (2014) Sepsis – Diagnosis. Available at: http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Blood-poisoning/Pages/Diagnosis.aspx (Accessed: 25/04/2015). O’Connell, K. (2012) What is septicaemia? Available at: http://www.healthline.com/health/septicemia#Overview1 (Accessed: 23/04/2015). Royal College of Obstetricians Gynaecologists (2012) Sepsis following Pregnancy, Bacterial. Available at: https://www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/gtg64b/ (Accessed: 26/04/2015). Sepsis Alliance (2015) Sepsis. Available at: http://www.sepsisalliance.org/sepsis/symptoms/ (Accessed: 24/04/2015). Sriskandan, S. (2011) ‘Severe peripartum sepsis’ Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, 41 339–46. [Online]. Available at: www.rcpe.ac.uk/sites/default/files/sriskandan.pdf (Accessed: 26/04/2015) Willacy, H. (2012) Puerperal Pyrexia. Available at: http://www.patient.co.uk/doctor/Puerperal-Pyrexia.htm (Accessed: 25/04/2015). World Health Organizations (2015) Clean Care is Safer Care. Available at: http://www.who.int/gpsc/clean_hands_protection/en/ (Accessed: 26/04/2015). World Health Organizations (2015) Managing puerperal sepsis. Available at: http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/documents/4_9241546662/en/ (Accessed: 20/04/2015). Glossary Apgar scores designed to quickly evaluate a newborns physical condition. Asepsis the absence of sepsis or infection. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a serious disorder in which the proteins that control blood clotting becomeover active. Malaise is a feeling of general discomfort or uneasiness; normally first indication of infection of other disease. Mastitis is the inflammation of breast tissue. Peritonitis is the inflammation of the thin layer of tissue that lines the inside of the abdomen called the peritoneum. Placenta abruption part of the placenta comes away from the uterus wall), Placenta praevia – all or part of the placenta covers the cervix. Pulmonary embolism is a blockage in the artery that transports blood to the lungs. Pyelonephritis inflammation of the substance of the kidney as a result of bacterial infection. Septicemia is known as bacteremia or blood poisoning. Septicemia occurs when a bacterial infection enters the bloodstream. Appendixes Appendixes A – Hand washing techniques (WHO. 2015) 1 | Page Seamus Heaneys North Collection | Postcolonial analysis Seamus Heaneys North Collection | Postcolonial analysis Introduction The field of postcolonial theory is of increasing primacy within critical theory and literary theory. Postcolonial studies emphasise the re-emergence of cultural strengths and identities, personal, racial, national and the like. However, the term itself, and the existence of a field of critical theory and studies related to it, is still contested and debated. Situating a discussion or literary analysis within such a field could, therefore, be inherently problematic, although this author will attempt to justify why Heaney can be viewed as a post-colonial poet by dint of his work, not just the happenstance of his temporal and national placement. This essay will attempt to discuss and analyse the thematic and stylistic characteristics of Seamus Heaneys work, focusing on his North collection. The particular themes and dimensions of these poems are significant in relation to postcolonial theory because they so strongly related to aspects of his cultural and racial identity and heritage, as well as to his personal history and experience. Reference will be made within the essay to different critical views upon his work, and to the underlying and associated political dimensions of the context within which the works were produced. Discussion Ashcroft et al (1989: 2) state that the term post-colonial can be used to cover all the culture affected by the imperial process from the moment of colonization to the present day. It is a literature which emerges following the decline of the Empire (Cudden, 145). What each of these literatures have in common beyond their special and distinctive regional characteristics is that they emerged in their present form out of the experience of colonization and asserted themselves by foregrounding the tension with the imperial power, and by emphasizing their differences from the assumptions of the imperial centre. (Ashcroft et al, 2). Green and Lebihan (37) suggest that post colonial writing may be engaged in rewriting a particular version of history, or in challenging a forceful commonplace view of politics. Loomba (103) however, suggests that the issue is complicated because the use of the prefix post leads to the implication of a discrete era or discipline which is associated with an aftermath, one that is temporal, as in coming after, an ideological, as in supplanting. In the case of Heaney, one could view his writing as being a product of colonial heritage, because his style is so strongly related to traditional poetic forms, particularly lyric poetry, and because the evidence of that colonial heritage, in a post-colonial backlash, is all around him. The North collection was first published 1975, almost a year after the break down of the Sunningdale Agreement, which was followed by an IRA backlash? and a 15 day strike by loyalist workers which ended up in the disbanding of the Faulkner-led government. The years 1974 and 1975 have been described as some of the worst moments of the troubles, and it is no surprise, therefore, that Heaneys work should refer not only these occurrences, but to his ambiguous position in relation to them. The theme of violence is evident in the North poems in a variety of guises. those hacked and glinting/in the gravel of thawed streams /were ocean-deafened voices warning me, lifted again/in violence and epiphany. (from North in North, 1975) The consequences of violence death, decay and associated conditions, are also prevalent within these works. I can see her drowned body in the bog, the weighting stone, the floating rods and boughs. (from Punishment in North, 1975) This corpse is viewed by Heaney as a reflection of the Catholic women who, during the troubles in Northern Ireland, were publicly punished (tarred and chained to their houses) for dating and associating with British soliders. Violence as a cultural representation, violence as a theme, and the products and representations of violence, seem to dominate many of Heaneys works (Lunday, 111). The land and the violence associated with the people of the land seem to be inextricably linked. In terms of style, this extract shows while Heaney embraces simple, poetic beauty of language, it is this very beauty which starkly contrasts with his subject. The way in which Heany sets out to depict adultery and the tribal consequences of this shows a connection to both present and past. Yet this is no romanticised past, no idealised heritage to generate a strong sense of nationalism. I almost love you / but would have cast, I know, / the stones of silence. I am the artful voyeur / your brains exposed and darkened combs (from Punishment in North, 1975) Johnson (2005) suggests that this poem serves to articulate and present the tragedy of a people in a place, the Catholics of Northern Ireland. The responses of the speaker to the adultery are very much linked with the context, and with an awareness that, within this context, no act that could be construed as impacting upon or connecting with the politics of the time is without consequences. Therefore, Heaneys postcolonial nature is traversing his roots in Northern Irish rural life, which allow him to make use of myth and certain unique aspects of the Irish experience, whilst also commenting on the contemporary context and the political conflict that forms the backdrop to the publication of these works. . The theme of death and bodies relates to his heritage and history in real ways. It could be argued that one of the central motifs in this collection is the bog, wild lands which carry the history of millions of years. This setting allows for the exploration of the past, and is how Heaney connects his political and ideological present with his past. Thus it is important linguistically and emblematically. . The themes of Heaneys North collection of poems can be viewed in relation to his heritage as an Irishman, and as the son of a farming family, and as someone who has a strongly emotive connection with the land of his birth (Johnson, 2005). These poems are specifically connected to the landscapes and the history of his life and heritage. Spirituality and religion is smaller, less obvious theme of these poems, and there are significant connections between the religious conflicts with which he has been surrounded, and the language of the poems, particularly in the choice to differentiate between the sacred and the secular. and found only the secular/powers of the Atlantic thundering (from North in North, 1975). Heaney also associates religion with violence (see earlier theme) in violence and epiphany (from North in North, 1975). This is unsurprising, given the issue of the troubles and the context within which this writing has emerged. However, this is not a comfortable or easy asociation, for the reader in particular, because the connection between the images of violence used and what the writer (and reader) must know and understand about Irelands history (such as the civil war) and its contemporary political stuggles, can perhaps be said to manifest within this writing in Heaneys trademark lyrical yet uncompromising style. Historical violence may be a mirror for current violence, as in, for example The Tollund Man, where the man is not more than the obvious, a sacrifical offering to this rapacious earth mother (Johnson, 25): She tighened her torc on him/And opened her fen. He is also, as with Punishment, a symbol of more recent victims of violence, which surround him as concepts, and as images, perhaps images too disturbing for poetic expression. While The stockinged corpses/laid out in the farmyards are a reference to Catholics murdered by protestants during the civil war (Johnson, 2005), Heany used the Tollund Man as a symbol and representation of the history of these bodies. He is all of those, from past to present, murdered for an ideology, as are the other bog bodies Heaney addresses, in a number of his collections. Parker describes this mythologising of the present through the past as Heaney casting around, like his fellow Northern Irish poets, in searh of appropriate strategies for addre ssing the political crisis. (131). I first saw his twisted face In a photograph, A head and shoulder Out of the peat Bruised like a forceps babe But now he lies Perfected in my memory. (Heaney 1969 The Graubelle Man). Here, we see the stylistic nature of the work as beig paramount. The poets love of, or reverence for, language, is evident here, as he pursues what Johnson (27) describes as evocative similes, which serve a number of purposes. The past perfection alluded to here is poignant because of the imperfections of the present, as if past violence becomes less appalling and more symbolic than present violence. He is using language of the present to capture and describe something that is past and ancient, much as he does in his translation of Beowulf (McGuire, 80). This very much makes Heaneys work a product of his physical heritage (Parker, 19; Tuan 684), and he connects his feelings, history and the history of the politics and wars of past and present with the land upon which they have taken place (Evans, 54; Mitchell and Ryan, 8). Conclusion. The works of Seamus Heaney can be strongly argued to be post-colonial, because they are a clear product of a heritage which is profoundly marked and shaped by imperialism and colonialism. The history of his nation, and of his work, is to be found within the land, and within the words that he uses to evoke both. The stylistic features of Heaneys poems, especially the North collection, adhere to conventions of lyric poetrym and is amenable to traditional expectations about poetic form and launguage (Johnson 28). It is not surprising that thematically, and emblematically, violence, retribution, and religiosity, all find their way into these works. However, this author would also argue that these themes may be as much a product of the readers interpretation, based on a knowledge of the poet and his context and history, and this raises the question of whether the work of a poet can ever be divorced from what the reader knows about how and where the poetry is produced. The power of Heaneys words lie in his skill ful manipulation of language that adheres to familiar poetic forms but addresses powerful images and emblems. Overall, these works mimic the questions and concepts raised by the Irish troubles and show such issues played out linguistically, stylistically, and symbolically through petry that is at once stark and gentle, uncompromising and moderate.

Explosion of Interest Essay -- Online Communities Web Cyberspace Essay

Explosion of Interest A community can be defined in many ways. The most basic definition is a group of people sharing common interests, thoughts, beliefs, or values. Today's fastest growing and most diverse communities are those experienced through the Internet. In the article "Everyone's a Critic," Richard Lacayo describes the many communities where people can express their feelings on books, movies, music, and restaurants. His representation of online communities can be shared with that of Amy Bruckman's in her article 'Finding One's Own in Cyberspace." Both articles represent online communities as one of today's fastest and easiest ways of sharing your thoughts with the rest of the world. With shared views about the Net, both Lacayo and Bruckman recognize online communities as a place where everyone's opinion, regardless of what it is, can be appreciated and accepted. As today's most common medium for sharing opinions grows at an immeasurable speed, the effects the Net has made in our society are equal ly as infinite. One outcome has been the growing number of do-it-yourself communities seen throughout the Internet. These communities allow all different kinds of people to share their opinions on almost anything and everything. As a result, "everywhere in cyberspace there are Web pages where do-it-yourself critics hold forth about movies, books, music, and restaurants" (Lacayo 58). The Internet has created a new arena where everyone has an opportunity to share their thoughts and opinions with people all over the world. This not only made shopping more convenient for the average consumer to research the fate of their money before a purchase, but communities like these have created a place where people's interests can be shar... ...ing their opinions. The incredible ability of the Internet is one unlike any other. Its capability to connect people so far apart with so many differences and unite them in one common place is most remarkable. Certainly, the Net will continue to grow into something far beyond our imaginations as it has been for years. From a new, skeptical way to communicate to what has united so many all over the world, the Internet has truly become and explosion of interest. Works Cited: Bruckman, Amy. "Finding One's Own in Cyberspace." Composing Cyberspace: Identity, Community, and Knowledge in the Electronic Age. Ed. Richard Holeton. USA: McGraw-Hill, 1998.171-178. Cashel, Jim. "10 Encouraging Signs for Online Communities." 0nline Community Report. 2000. 6 Oct. 2001 http://www.onlinecommunityreport.com Lacayo, Richard. "Everyone's a Critic." Time Aug. 2001: 58-60

Case Study on Teamwork Problem

Case Study Summary Mike Garcia and Jill Hendrickson have been butting heads for months at work. Mike is a manufacturing manager at Auto Safety Products, which is a firm in the Midwest that designs and produces automobile seat belts and infant and child safety seats. Jill is a design engineer for the same firm. Top management at their work instituted concurrent engineering, a team-based system that integrates manufacturing and design processes. Concurrent engineering is intended to eliminate the problems that often occur in industry when designers are unaware of the needs of manufacturing.Through concurrent engineering, management hoped to improve attention to all elements of the product life cycle and manufacture a quality, low-cost product that will meet user needs. The company was also hoping to decrease the amount of time it takes to move from initial conceptual design to actual production. Both Mike and Jill are on the team working on toddler booster seats. This is an important p roduct for Auto Safety Products, as research has indicated that parents do not use safety seats once children reach toddler age. The reason for this is because they are difficult to use in cars and uncomfortable for the children.Thus the team at Auto Safety Products worked to make the seats easier for parents to use by making them more comfortable, more portable, and more compatible with a range of automobiles from small sports cars to sedans to minivans to SUVs. Mike is 55-years-old and has worked in manufacturing for most of his life. He has spent the past 22 years working at Auto Safety Products. Mike has always felt some animosity toward the design side of the firm. He found the engineers unwilling to listen to the problems faced in manufacturing.He often complained that the design department generates projects that run into all sorts of problems once they hit manufacturing. He approached the new concurrent engineering program at his work. Jill is 25-years-old and is a mechanica l engineer who has been with Auto Safety Products since her college graduation. Jill is assertive and strong-minded; she believes she has to be effective in the male-dominated world of engineering. She learned about the concurrent engineering concept when she was in school and she believes it can greatly improve the effectiveness of design and manufacturing.Unfortunately, it has not worked at Auto Safety Products. The manufacturing side has not really bought into the process, and management did not take the time to introduce the team management system properly and train people to work together. Jill has a hard time with Mike Garcia, who is the lead manufacturing representative on her team. Jill and Mike had to work together frequently on a booster seat design in a variety of vans. Their inability to work together has gotten so bad that their supervisor had to set up a meeting to help them deal with the problem.Adam Shapiro is the project supervisor at Auto Safety Products. He oversa w the booster seat project team that Mike and Jill worked on. Adam knows the two of them have not hit it off on the concurrent engineering team and had decided that the conflict had gotten to the point where he must step in and help them settle it. He brought them in individually and asked them about the problem and what the problem was. Jill was the first person Adam talked to. According to Jill the problem is that Mike would not listen to her ideas and downplays the contributions that design can make to concurrent engineering.On the other hand she sees design as the most important part of the concurrent engineering process. Jill suspects that Mike has problems with her because she is young and a woman, and this has made her push even harder for her point of view on project disagreements. After Jill discussed the problem with Adam, Mike was the next person to discuss the problem with Adam. Mike thinks the concurrent engineering system and the booster seat team in particular is a jo ke. He says that the design engineers are still trying to push their ideas down the manufacturing’s throat and he’s tired of it.Also Mike would like to go back to doing things the old way. However, if he is forced to continue with the concurrent engineering system, he refuses to give in to every one of Jill’s ideas. Case Analysis Questions 1a. What kind of predispositions are Mike and Jill taking into this conflict situation? Mike believes that engineers are â€Å"uppity† and unwilling to listen to the problems dealing with manufacturing. As a female engineer Jill feels as though she needs to be effective in the male-dominated world of engineering 1b.How might these predispositions influence the way the frame the conflict and the way they approach each other? These predispositions are definitely negatively influencing the way Mike and Jill approach each other. Obviously they are going to automatically approach each other negatively because of their opinio ns. 2a. If Mike and Jill were to attempt to deal with this conflict on their own, what conflict style would you recommend? If Mike and Jill were to attempt to deal with this conflict on their own I would recommend that they use the compromising conflict style.Compromising will allow you to achieve both of your goals, resulting in a â€Å"win-win† situation instead of a â€Å"win-lose† situation. 2b. Given what you know about Jill and Mike, do you think they would use an effective conflict resolution style? No, because when the problem first arose they had a hard time coming to a common ground resolution. I believe if it wasn’t for Adam they would have never resolved the problem. 3a. If you were Adam, how would you approach this conflict? If I was Adam, I would sit them both down together and have them write down the benefits that each of them bring to the company. b. What strategies should you use to help Mike and Jill deal with their ongoing problems? A strateg y that I l would use is integrative bargaining. In integrative bargaining, the conflicting parties are trying to maximize gains for both parties (Miller, 2012). The bargainers discuss issues that could lead to a more creative solution to the problem at hand. Outcomes of integrative bargaining are often solution that allow both parties to benefit, and communication tends to be marked by open disclosure, careful listening and multiple communication channels.I believe this is the perfect strategy to use because with both Mike and Jill having problems with each other and the way they do things, if Adam uses this strategy I think you would solve problems for both people. 3c. Would you consider bringing in a mediator to help them work through their issues? I think there should be a mediator in the meeting as well, just in case things would get intense and they could not come up with a fair compromise. 4a. How would a feminist approach to conflict see this situation? They would see this si tuation that Mike is wrong and Jill is right.They would see it this way because a feminist approach would say that men don’t listen to women and they don’t take them as serious as other men especially in the workforce. 4b. Is it possible to use an alternative model that would recast this situation in a more productive frame? No because I think Adam handled this situation the right way by bringing Mike and Jill in and have them discuss the problem. This way is more productive because they can express themselves without knowing what the other person said. You can cover more ground by one-on-one problem solving.Effective Student Teams: A Faux Hiring and Peer Evaluation Process Student team projects provide benefits to the education process and provide experience that is valued by some employers. But team projects can be a source of conflict. Due to free-riding, scheduling problems and differing goals, there are fertile grounds for team conflicts. Therefore, there needs to be a better method of forming teams and a process to assure shared goals by team members (Lane 2011). The author Michelle Lane discussed the Faux Hiring Team Selection Process. In this process there are six steps to form and select a team.Step one is the selection of interviewers. Step two is posting interviewee’s applications for review by classmates and interviewers. The third step is to hold a â€Å"Job Fair† where a faux interview process occurs. The fourth step is the selection of personal top choices by both interviewers and interviewees. The next step is the instructor team assignment. Finally the forming and the signing of the team contract is the last step. Results In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the faux hiring process, two classes of 40 students each were studied in the fall semester 2009.Independent T-Tests showed no statistical difference between the two classes in terms of age and GPA. In the first class the teams were assigned randomly by the instructor and in the second class the job fair approach was used. The teams were used for two projects that took place over the semester. One project involved the use of the CAPSIM simulation. The second project was a business study requiring research, an interview and a class presentation of their findings. Each project was worth 20% of their course grade. (Lane 2011) The effectiveness of the faux hiring team assignment was assessed in two ways.The first way was the total team points earned from the simulation and the business projects were compared using a t-test of mean group differences. The results were significant with the faux hiring teams scoring higher than the randomly assigned teams. The second assessment was at the end of the semester, students were asked to fill out an anonymous online survey about their team experience. There were 43 respondents to this survey. 19 were from the instructor assigned teams and the remaining 24 were from the faux hiring teams. The results show that the faux hiring teams had stronger scores on shared goals, and had fewer conflicts.This article relates to our case study because it is an example of a way to prevent teamwork problems. This article basically says to go through an interview process to find a good team that has common goals and would get along to avoid conflicts. Whereas the case study does not use a process like this and Mike and Jill have a problem and are unable to resolve it. What is Expected from Supervisors This article was about how the past 10 years that team members enter the workforce as well as management or leadership emphasis influences different images of supervisors.There were certain features of management discussion during the past decades that are used as instruments in addressing the contributing research question: What is still expected from management and leadership? Liisa Huusko found that team member who are not the same age have different images of supervisors. Thus they wait partly for different actions within team organization. Human Resource Management issues seem to be included in supervisors’ duties in every decade. For example, encouraging and career-development matters do not appear until the 1980s.Furthermore, different kinds of computer-aided control systems are not able to respond to quick changes and uncommon situations relating to everyday duties. The image of supervisors that workers take for granted must be taken into consideration during the changes and shifts between responsible actors. This article relates to our case study because it shows that age does have an effect on teamwork. Age makes a difference because the older people want to do it the way they have been used to all their life and not want to change with younger generation as well as the technology that is changing.Some older generation refuse to update their technology and it is having an effect with teamwork. Finally, this goes with the case study because this article prese nts a male-female problem, where the male refuses to listen to the female’s idea. NBA Lockout: Can Both Sides Agree on Basketball-Related Income? I obtained this article from the Los Angeles Times Newspaper. The article was written and published on October 28, 2011. It talks about the National Basketball Association (NBA) lockout and how the players union and the owners are struggling to agree on terms for salary cap and other issues.This is an example of teamwork and the problems with teamwork. For example, the NBA deputy commissioner Adam Silver and Spurs owner Peter Hold said the players union offered a decrease from 53% to 52. 5% but wouldn’t discuss anything further if owners wouldn’t offer more than 50% (Medina, 2011). With the two sides going back and forth and unable to come up with a number they could agree they have brought in a mediator to help with negotiations. But even with the mediator the two sides still have not agree on terms. Thus, the NBA sea son is in jeopardy. NBA Commissioner David Stern has already cancelled all games through November.

ALelia Walker - Joy Goddess of the Harlem Renaissance

ALelia Walker - Joy Goddess of the Harlem Renaissance ALelia Walker Quick Facts Known for: patron of Harlem Renaissance artists; daughter of Madam C. J. WalkerOccupation: business executive, art patronDates: June 6, 1885 - August 16, 1931Also known as: Lelia Walker, Lelia Robinson, Lelia McWilliams Biography ALelia Walker (born Lelia McWilliams in Mississippi) moved with her mother, Madam C. J. Walker, to Saint Louis when ALelia was two years old. ALelia was well-educated though her mother was illiterate; her mother saw to it that ALelia attended college, at Knoxville College in Tennessee. As her mothers beauty and hair care business grew, ALelia worked with her mother in the business. ALelia took charge of the mail order part of the business, working out of Pittsburgh. Business Executive In 1908, mother and daughter set up a beauty school in Pittsburgh to train women in the Walker method of hair processing. The operation was called Lelia College. Madam Walker moved the business headquarters to Indianapolis in 1900. ALelia Walker set up a second Lelia College in 1913, this one in New York. After Madam Walkers death, ALelia Walker ran the business, becoming president in 1919. She renamed herself about the time of her mothers death. She built the large Walker Building in Indianapolis in 1928. Harlem Renaissance During the Harlem Renaissance, ALelia Walker hosted many parties that brought together artists, writers, and intellectuals. She held the parties in her New York townhouse apartment, called the Dark Tower, and at her country villa, Lewaro, originally owned by her mother. Langston Hughes dubbed ALelia Walker the joy goddess of the Harlem Renaissance for her parties and patronage. The parties ended with the beginning of the Great Depression, and ALelia Walker sold the Dark Tower in 1930. More about ALelia Walker The six-foot-tall ALelia Walker was married three times and had an adopted daughter, Mae. Death ALelia Walker died in 1931. The eulogy at her funeral was delivered by the Rev. Adam Clayton Powell, Sr. Mary McLeod Bethune also spoke at the funeral. Langston Hughes wrote a poem for the occasion, To ALelia. Background, Family Mother: Sarah Breedlove Walker - Madam C. J. WalkerFather: Moses McWilliams Marriage, Children husband: John Robinson (divorced 1914)husband: Wiley Wilson (married 3 days after her mother died; divorced 1919)husband: James Arthur Kennedy (married early 1920s, divorced 1931)daughter: Mae, adopted 1912

Criminal Justice and Injustice essays

Criminal Justice and Injustice essays The Declaration of Independence stated, "all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights" (Jefferson). But how much of that is true? Since the very beginning of the legal system in the United States, there has been inequality. Appearance has held such precedence for Americans. Now, with the threat of terrorists, many use racial stereotypes to determine who is accountable for our unsafe environment. Color remains a powerful instrument for discrimination in the criminal justice system. Discrimination has been a large part of our society. But how can we overcome discrimination while the forces that protect us are one of the major causes? Police are using differential treatment upon minorities. In one case, which happened on March 3, 1991, four Los Angeles police officers brutally beat African American, Rodney King. When they brought the case to court, they moved it to a nearly all-white community without any jurors whom were African Ame rican. Some believe there are two justice systems: one for whites and one for people of color. Many feel the system is administered almost exclusively by whites and designed to protect the white lives and property but provide minimal protection to the life and safety of minorities like Rodney King. Because of the recent terrorists attacks, now more than ever, police are using racial profiling on anyone they feel is a threat or looks suspicious. The criminal justice system groups together all members of a particular race according to the actions of a relative few. By casting a negative light toward being Arab, Black, Mexican, Asian or any number of other ethnic races, the criminal justice system clearly demonstrates a great deal of ignorance and disrespect for that individual; just because someone is a member of a certain race does not mean that he or she represents any of the negative insinuations associated with that race. The September 11th terrorist ...

Macroeconomic Variables Affecting Citigroup Incorporated Research Paper

Macroeconomic Variables Affecting Citigroup Incorporated - Research Paper Example In contrast, a lower interest rate has the effect of increasing the demand of the credit services provided by the bank because it reduces the cost of acquiring the loan (Vaish, 2012). Another factor that determines the demand of the credit services provided by Citigroup Corporation is the gross domestic production (GDP) growth. The gross domestic production implies the total production experienced in the general economy of a country. The GDP affects the demand of the credit services offered by Citigroup Corporation because it determines the interest of the customers to seek a financial loan. If the GDP growth is high and increasing, it implies the income generation of the individuals is increasing. Consequently, the demand of the credit services offered by Citigroup will increase since more investors will be willing to borrow the loan because investing opportunities are increasing. In contrast, when the GDP is declining the demand of the credit services offered by the company reduces . The demand of the credit services decreases during recession period because the investing opportunities are decreasing for investors to borrow. Per capital income is another macro-economic variable that affects the supply of the credit services offered by the company. The per capita income implies the average income a country’s population earns (Sargent, 2009). Accordingly, the per capital income variable affects the supply of the credit services provided by Citigroup because it determines the deposit customers are willing to deposit in a given period. If the per capita income is high, the volume of customers deposits increases enhancing the ability of the company to supply the credit services in the market. In contrast, the supply of the credit services offered by the bank reduces when the per capita income of the population decreases because the volume of customer deposits will be lower. Similarly, the unemployment rate is another macro-economic

Types of Inflation, Causes and how Inflation is Measured Essay

Types of Inflation, Causes and how Inflation is Measured - Essay Example It is important to note that, the higher demand will in turn pull up prices of commodities thus resulting to too much money circulating in an economy. This can be attributed in times of war, or rather political crisis in a country's economy. Pricing Power Inflation This also referred to as profit-push inflation. This is a type of inflation, which result from a situation whereby, individuals in business intentionally and administratively decide to increase the prices of commodities and services. This intentional move aims at increasing the profit margins. The makers exercise their market influence by increasing the prices of product and services to suit their expectations. It occurs in monopolies and oligopolies market. They do this due to their concentration in the market. Cost- Push Inflation This occurs when the price of goods or service increase due to the rising cost of its production or when the maintenance cost rises. It is apparent that the resultant excess demand created by t he rising cost of production causes prices to increase. An example is whereby price of an agricultural product such as maize rises due to an increase in the cost of fertilizer production. Wage-push inflation This normally occurs when wages or labor costs rises due the influence from the labor union’s demand for the increase in wages. In addition, as it happens, the productivity remains constant. The resultant cost and effect will drift to the consumers. The increase in the cost of labor will cause the business to cut down the number of laborers hence consequently resulting to the low productivity. On the other hand, the fall in productivity level, which is low supply, will cause prices to rise due to the constant consistency of the demand. This inflation causes unemployment since higher price level means that, no more laborers are needed. In this scenario, most institutions lay off some of the employees. Unless demand for the wage stops, there will be continuous, high price l evel coupled with higher unemployment and low output. Sectoral Inflation This kind of inflation occurs on the relationship between related or unrelated product and or services. This occurs when change in the price of a product influences the price of another. For example, a stationery user, a case, or a situation whereby the price of timber price rises, the stationery dealer will in turn increase the price of stationery items such as books to suit their profit margin thus causing a general increase in prices occurring in every unit of product or service. Supply shock inflation This arises under unpredictable circumstances in an economy, for example, when there is unpredictable drought occurrence, the price of the agricultural products will rise rapidly and especially when there is no enough stock to curb and fix the situation. Hyper inflation It is a form of inflation that occurs when country involved is in economic backdrop thus in dire need of monetary valuables and funding. It is where prices rise at a higher rate, and when the rate of inflation exceeds four digits. Creeping inflation It occurs where price level rises normally between 1 and 7%. Imported inflation It deals with international trade. The prices of imported goods normally have an effect in domestic prices. Causes of inflation It is worth noting that inflation occurs under various circumstances for instance when there are changes in the price of foreign goods. This will have an impact on the overall payment made to the outsiders.